{"id":173045,"date":"2025-03-27T12:53:29","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:53:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/?p=173045"},"modified":"2025-03-27T12:53:29","modified_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:53:29","slug":"%d8%af%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a7-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/?p=173045&lang=ar","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>*\u0627\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0631 \/\/<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u064f\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645. \u062c. \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1873\u0645\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1938\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0632\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>)\u060c (\u062a390\u0647\u0640\/1000\u0645) <\/u><\/strong>:<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0631\u0646\u063a\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062f\u064a \u062e\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1877\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1906\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 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\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062e\u064a \u00a0<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>\u0645 \u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0637\u062e\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a (\u062a487 \u0647\u0640\/1094\u0645) :<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u2026 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u2026\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u062a\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c<\/a>\u0631. \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643) \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 (<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0645<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628) <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/a>(\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a (564\u0647\u0640 -1160 \u0645) :<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637<\/a> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>. <a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/a>. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%B7%D8%A8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644<\/a>\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 (\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f 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href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a>\u00ab\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 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(627\u0647\u0640-1229\u0645) :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c 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name=\"_ftnref24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/islamstory.com\/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/islamstory.com\/muslim-civilization\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 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\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<a href=\"#_ftn48\" name=\"_ftnref48\"><sup>[48]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a 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name=\"_ftnref50\"><sup>[50]<\/sup><\/a> \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f (\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0631\u060c<a href=\"#_ftn51\" name=\"_ftnref51\"><sup>[51]<\/sup><\/a> \u0648(\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1496\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1591\u0645\/1000\u0647\u0640). \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 (\u0643\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a) \u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0634\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn52\" name=\"_ftnref52\"><sup>[52]<\/sup><\/a> \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648<a href=\"#_ftn53\" name=\"_ftnref53\"><sup>[53]<\/sup><\/a> \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn54\" name=\"_ftnref54\"><sup>[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>(\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a)\u060c<\/strong> <strong>(\u062a 1031\u0647\u0640\/1621\u0645):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc165051596\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc165038393\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc164622326\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc164617061\"><\/a>\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"#_ftn55\" name=\"_ftnref55\"><sup>[55]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn56\" name=\"_ftnref56\"><sup>[56]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc165051597\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc165038394\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc164622327\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc164617062\"><\/a>\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (952\u0647\u0640\/1546\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (956\u0647\u0640\/1549\u0645)<a href=\"#_ftn57\" name=\"_ftnref57\"><sup>[57]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn58\" name=\"_ftnref58\"><sup>[58]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc165051598\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc165038395\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc164622328\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc164617063\"><\/a>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0621)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c<a href=\"#_ftn59\" name=\"_ftnref59\"><sup>[59]<\/sup><\/a> \u0644\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0648\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc165051599\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc165038396\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc164622329\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc164617064\"><\/a>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646)<a href=\"#_ftn60\" name=\"_ftnref60\"><sup>[60]<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1964\u0645\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645) \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637<a href=\"#_ftn61\" name=\"_ftnref61\"><sup>[61]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 -\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a-\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 2007 \u0635 53<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> &#8211;<strong>John Donnelly Fage )<\/strong><strong>\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1921<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>\u063a\u0634\u062a 2002)<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 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\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> &#8211; \u0648\u0644\u062f <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1923\u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1941\u0645 \u06481948\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 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\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1975\u0645 \u06481986\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1963\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0637\u0646\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633..\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u062f\u063a\u0634\u062a \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>&#8211; <strong>\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u064a\u0647\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Michael Jan de Goeje<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642<\/a>\u00a0\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/13_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">13 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/1836\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">1836<\/a>\u0645\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a 1909\u0645. \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u00a0\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a 1905. \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> &#8211; <strong>\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0632\u064a <\/strong><strong>Reinhart Piter Anne Dozy<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1820\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1883\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 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(\u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642): \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1154 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> &#8211; \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062f\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0637.1\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635. 138.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0637.1\u060c 1971\u060c \u0635.\u0635. 3-4<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 180.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0637.1\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635. \u0635. 447-448<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u062e\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1883\u0645 \u06481951\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u00a0\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u00a0\u00bb \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645)\u060c \u0637.1\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c 1957\u060c \u0635. 344.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (700\u0647\u0640-\u00a01301\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/islamstory.com\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631) \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u0640 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a>&#8211; \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 254.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0637.1\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1980\u060c \u0635. 5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> &#8211; \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 136.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> &#8211; \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062c.2\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0637.1\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1993\u060c \u0635. 195.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> \u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1853\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0631\u064a DEFREMERY \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u00a0Sanguinetti\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1288\u0647\u0640 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1858 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633.\u00a0\u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1322\u0647\u0640.\u00a0\u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1933 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0630\u0628 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629.\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1958\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1974\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1987\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1417\u0647\u0640-1997\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a: \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2004\u0645.\u00a0\u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 2020\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> &#8211; <strong>\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u00a0<\/strong><strong>(\u00a0Auguste Comte)<\/strong><strong>\u200f\u060c(1798\u0645-1857\u0645)<\/strong> <strong>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> <strong>&#8211; <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u00a0\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/strong> \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0627<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_(%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/a> \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633<\/a> \u062f\u0631\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B7%D8%A8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0641\u0627\u0633<\/a>\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u00ab\u00a0\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u00bb \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0638 \u0641\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/a>\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> &#8211; <strong>\u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a<\/strong>. \u0648\u0644\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0633\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/813_%D9%87%D9%80\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">813 \u0647\u0640<\/a>\/\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1410\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">1410\u0645<\/a>\u00a0&#8211; \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/874_%D9%87%D9%80\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">874 \u0647\u0640<\/a>\/\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1470\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">1470\u0645<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/a>. \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0628\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> &#8211; <strong>\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0<\/strong><strong>(\u00a0Arnold J. Toynbee)<\/strong><strong>\u200f\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">14 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1889\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">1889<\/a>\u0645\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/22_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">22 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">1975<\/a>\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0637.2\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2017\u0645\u060c \u0635. 10.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 10<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637.1\u060c 1994<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 10.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> -\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.\u0635. 12-13.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> &#8211; \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0627<strong>\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0646\u062f\u064a <\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a (756\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0650\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a (821\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634 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target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/a>\u00a0(784\u0647\u0640-801\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0634\u0649..).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0634\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0637.1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c1922\u0645\u060c \u0635. 9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 <strong>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a)<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 (764 \u0647\u0640 \u0640 845 \u0647\u0640) \/ (1364\u0645 -1442\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0647.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f 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1896\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627. \u0633\u0646\u0629 1911\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0631 Albert Bonnel de Miziere \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u00a0 \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0635\u0644 jules brevie \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 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\u0628 <strong>\u00ab\u00a0\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong> \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u00a0\u00bb\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u062d\u00a0\u00bb \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0634\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 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\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1818\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\">[54]<\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\">[55]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u060c (\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u062c. 3\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635.129.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0633<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637.2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1983\u0645\u060c \u0635. 113.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\">[57]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627<\/strong>\u060c (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1972\u0645\u060c \u0635. 2.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\">[58]<\/a> &#8211; \u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0644\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/strong>\u060c (\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1977\u0645\u060c \u0635. 80.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\">[59]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u00bb \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 82 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0640 1500 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631&#8230; \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627.\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\">[60]<\/a> &#8211; <strong>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646 (\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 30 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 1326 \u0647\u0640\/1908 \u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a 9 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1989\u0645)<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\">[61]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0635.122<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\">[62]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0632 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":173048,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowteS_DA:productID":"","footnotes":"","iawp_total_views":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[15,11],"tags":[807,36117],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"lang":"ar","translations":{"ar":173045},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/agadirtoday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/agadirtoday.com-2025-03-27_12-53-15_951003.png?fit=600%2C337&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/peJLke-J13","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"pll_sync_post":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/173045"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=173045"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/173045\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":173049,"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/173045\/revisions\/173049"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/173048"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=173045"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=173045"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agadirtoday.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=173045"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}